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><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="RELEASE-8-1"
>E.169. Release 8.1</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="FORMALPARA"
>Release date: 2005-11-08</DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN136942"
>E.169.1. Overview</A
></H2
> Major changes in this release:
 <DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
>Improve concurrent access to the shared buffer cache (Tom)</DT
><DD
> Access to the shared buffer cache was identified as a
 significant scalability problem, particularly on multi-CPU
 systems. In this release, the way that locking is done in the
 buffer manager has been overhauled to reduce lock contention
 and improve scalability. The buffer manager has also been
 changed to use a "clock sweep" replacement
 policy.
 </DD
><DT
>Allow index scans to use an intermediate in-memory bitmap (Tom)</DT
><DD
> In previous releases, only a single index could be used to do
 lookups on a table. With this feature, if a query has
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>WHERE tab.col1 = 4 and tab.col2 = 9</TT
>, and there is
 no multicolumn index on <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>col1</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>col2</TT
>,
 but there is an index on <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>col1</TT
> and another on
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>col2</TT
>, it is possible to search both indexes and
 combine the results in memory, then do heap fetches for only
 the rows matching both the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>col1</TT
> and
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>col2</TT
> restrictions. This is very useful in
 environments that have a lot of unstructured queries where it
 is impossible to create indexes that match all possible access
 conditions. Bitmap scans are useful even with a single index,
 as they reduce the amount of random access needed; a bitmap
 index scan is efficient for retrieving fairly large fractions
 of the complete table, whereas plain index scans are not.
 </DD
><DT
>Add two-phase commit (Heikki Linnakangas, Alvaro, Tom)</DT
><DD
> Two-phase commit allows transactions to be "prepared" on several
 computers, and once all computers have successfully prepared
 their transactions (none failed), all transactions can be
 committed. Even if a machine crashes after a prepare, the
 prepared transaction can be committed after the machine is
 restarted. New syntax includes <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>PREPARE TRANSACTION</TT
> and
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COMMIT/ROLLBACK PREPARED</TT
>. A new system view
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>pg_prepared_xacts</TT
> has also been added.
 </DD
><DT
>Create a new role system that replaces users and groups
 (Stephen Frost)</DT
><DD
> Roles are a combination of users and groups. Like users, they
 can have login capability, and like groups, a role can have
 other roles as members. Roles basically remove the distinction
 between users and groups. For example, a role can:
 <UL
><LI
> Have login capability (optionally)
 </LI
><LI
> Own objects
 </LI
><LI
> Hold access permissions for database objects
 </LI
><LI
> Inherit permissions from other roles it is a member of
 </LI
></UL
> Once a user logs into a role, she obtains capabilities of
 the login role plus any inherited roles, and can use
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET ROLE</TT
> to switch to other roles she is a member of.
 This feature is a generalization of the SQL standard's concept of
 roles.
 This change also replaces <TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_shadow</TT
> and
 <TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_group</TT
> by new role-capable catalogs
 <TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_authid</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_auth_members</TT
>. The old
 tables are redefined as read-only views on the new role tables.
 </DD
><DT
>Automatically use indexes for <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>MIN()</CODE
> and
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>MAX()</CODE
> (Tom)</DT
><DD
> In previous releases, the only way to use an index for
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>MIN()</CODE
> or <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>MAX()</CODE
> was to rewrite the
 query as <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT col FROM tab ORDER BY col LIMIT 1</TT
>.
 Index usage now happens automatically.
 </DD
><DT
>Move <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/contrib/pg_autovacuum</TT
> into the main server
 (Alvaro)</DT
><DD
> Integrating autovacuum into the server allows it to be
 automatically started and stopped in sync with the database
 server, and allows autovacuum to be configured from
 <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
>.
 </DD
><DT
>Add shared row level locks using <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT ... FOR SHARE</TT
>
 (Alvaro)</DT
><DD
> While PostgreSQL's MVCC locking
 allows <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT</TT
> to never be blocked by writers and
 therefore does not need shared row locks for typical operations,
 shared locks are useful for applications that require shared row
 locking. In particular this reduces the locking requirements
 imposed by referential integrity checks.
 </DD
><DT
>Add dependencies on shared objects, specifically roles
 (Alvaro)</DT
><DD
> This extension of the dependency mechanism prevents roles from
 being dropped while there are still database objects they own.
 Formerly it was possible to accidentally "orphan" objects by
 deleting their owner. While this could be recovered from, it
 was messy and unpleasant.
 </DD
><DT
>Improve performance for partitioned tables (Simon)</DT
><DD
> The new <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>constraint_exclusion</TT
> configuration
 parameter avoids lookups on child tables where constraints indicate
 that no matching rows exist in the child table.
 This allows for a basic type of table partitioning. If child tables
 store separate key ranges and this is enforced using appropriate
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CHECK</TT
> constraints, the optimizer will skip child
 table accesses when the constraint guarantees no matching rows
 exist in the child table.
 </DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN137022"
>E.169.2. Migration to Version 8.1</A
></H2
> A dump/restore using pg_dump is required
 for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release.
 The 8.0 release announced that the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>to_char()</CODE
> function
 for intervals would be removed in 8.1. However, since no better API
 has been suggested, <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>to_char(interval)</CODE
> has been enhanced in
 8.1 and will remain in the server.
 Observe the following incompatibilities:
 <UL
><LI
> <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>add_missing_from</TT
> is now false by default (Neil)
 By default, we now generate an error if a table is used in a query
 without a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FROM</TT
> reference. The old behavior is still
 available, but the parameter must be set to 'true' to obtain it.
 It might be necessary to set <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>add_missing_from</TT
> to true
 in order to load an existing dump file, if the dump contains any
 views or rules created using the implicit-<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FROM</TT
> syntax.
 This should be a one-time annoyance, because
 PostgreSQL 8.1 will convert
 such views and rules to standard explicit-<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FROM</TT
> syntax.
 Subsequent dumps will therefore not have the problem.
 </LI
><LI
> Cause input of a zero-length string (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>''</TT
>) for
 <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>float4</TT
>/<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>float8</TT
>/<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>oid</TT
>
 to throw an error, rather than treating it as a zero (Neil)
 This change is consistent with the current handling of
 zero-length strings for integers. The schedule for this change
 was announced in 8.0.
 </LI
><LI
> <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>default_with_oids</TT
> is now false by default (Neil)
 With this option set to false, user-created tables no longer
 have an OID column unless <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>WITH OIDS</TT
> is specified in
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE TABLE</TT
>. Though OIDs have existed in all
 releases of PostgreSQL, their use is limited
 because they are only four bytes long and the counter is shared
 across all installed databases. The preferred way of uniquely
 identifying rows is via sequences and the <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>SERIAL</TT
> type,
 which have been supported since PostgreSQL 6.4.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>E''</TT
> syntax so eventually ordinary strings can
 treat backslashes literally (Bruce)
 Currently PostgreSQL processes a
 backslash in a string literal as introducing a special escape sequence,
 e.g. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\n</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\010</TT
>.
 While this allows easy entry of special values, it is
 nonstandard and makes porting of applications from other
 databases more difficult. For this reason, the
 PostgreSQL project is planning to
 remove the special meaning of backslashes in strings. For
 backward compatibility and for users who want special backslash
 processing, a new string syntax has been created. This new string
 syntax is formed by writing an <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>E</TT
> immediately preceding the
 single quote that starts the string, e.g. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>E'hi\n'</TT
>. While
 this release does not change the handling of backslashes in strings, it
 does add new configuration parameters to help users migrate applications
 for future releases:
 <UL
><LI
> <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>standard_conforming_strings</TT
> &mdash; does this release
 treat backslashes literally in ordinary strings?
 </LI
><LI
> <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>escape_string_warning</TT
> &mdash; warn about backslashes in
 ordinary (non-E) strings
 </LI
></UL
> The <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>standard_conforming_strings</TT
> value is read-only.
 Applications can retrieve the value to know how backslashes are
 processed. (Presence of the parameter can also be taken as an
 indication that <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>E''</TT
> string syntax is supported.)
 In a future release, <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>standard_conforming_strings</TT
>
 will be true, meaning backslashes will be treated literally in
 non-E strings. To prepare for this change, use <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>E''</TT
>
 strings in places that need special backslash processing, and
 turn on <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>escape_string_warning</TT
> to find additional
 strings that need to be converted to use <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>E''</TT
>.
 Also, use two single-quotes (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>''</TT
>) to embed a literal
 single-quote in a string, rather than the
 PostgreSQL-supported syntax of
 backslash single-quote (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\'</TT
>). The former is
 standards-conforming and does not require the use of the
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>E''</TT
> string syntax. You can also use the
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>$$</TT
> string syntax, which does not treat backslashes
 specially.
 </LI
><LI
> Make <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>REINDEX DATABASE</TT
> reindex all indexes in the
 database (Tom)
 Formerly, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>REINDEX DATABASE</TT
> reindexed only
 system tables. This new behavior seems more intuitive. A new
 command <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>REINDEX SYSTEM</TT
> provides the old functionality
 of reindexing just the system tables.
 </LI
><LI
> Read-only large object descriptors now obey MVCC snapshot semantics
 When a large object is opened with <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>INV_READ</TT
> (and not
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>INV_WRITE</TT
>), the data read from the descriptor will now
 reflect a "snapshot" of the large object's state at the
 time of the transaction snapshot in use by the query that called
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>lo_open()</CODE
>. To obtain the old behavior of always
 returning the latest committed data, include <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>INV_WRITE</TT
>
 in the mode flags for <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>lo_open()</CODE
>.
 </LI
><LI
> Add proper dependencies for arguments of sequence functions (Tom)
 In previous releases, sequence names passed to <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>nextval()</CODE
>,
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>currval()</CODE
>, and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>setval()</CODE
> were stored as
 simple text strings, meaning that renaming or dropping a
 sequence used in a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFAULT</TT
> clause made the clause
 invalid. This release stores all newly-created sequence function
 arguments as internal OIDs, allowing them to track sequence
 renaming, and adding dependency information that prevents
 improper sequence removal. It also makes such <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFAULT</TT
>
 clauses immune to schema renaming and search path changes.
 Some applications might rely on the old behavior of
 run-time lookup for sequence names. This can still be done by
 explicitly casting the argument to <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>, for example
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>nextval('myseq'::text)</TT
>.
 Pre-8.1 database dumps loaded into 8.1 will use the old text-based
 representation and therefore will not have the features of
 OID-stored arguments. However, it is possible to update a
 database containing text-based <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFAULT</TT
> clauses.
 First, save this query into a file, such as <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>fixseq.sql</TT
>:
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT 'ALTER TABLE ' ||
 pg_catalog.quote_ident(n.nspname) || '.' ||
 pg_catalog.quote_ident(c.relname) ||
 ' ALTER COLUMN ' || pg_catalog.quote_ident(a.attname) ||
 ' SET DEFAULT ' ||
 regexp_replace(d.adsrc,
 $$val$\(('[^']*')::text$::regclass$$,
 $$val(\1$$,
 'g') ||
 ';'
FROM pg_namespace n, pg_class c, pg_attribute a, pg_attrdef d
WHERE n.oid = c.relnamespace AND
 c.oid = a.attrelid AND
 a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND
 a.attnum = d.adnum AND
 d.adsrc ~ $$val$\('[^']*'::text$::regclass$$;</PRE
>
 Next, run the query against a database to find what
 adjustments are required, like this for database <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>db1</TT
>:
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>psql -t -f fixseq.sql db1</PRE
>
 This will show the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ALTER TABLE</TT
> commands needed to
 convert the database to the newer OID-based representation.
 If the commands look reasonable, run this to update the database:
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>psql -t -f fixseq.sql db1 | psql -e db1</PRE
>
 This process must be repeated in each database to be updated.
 </LI
><LI
> In psql, treat unquoted
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\{digit}+</TT
> sequences as octal (Bruce)
 In previous releases, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\{digit}+</TT
> sequences were
 treated as decimal, and only <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\0{digit}+</TT
> were treated
 as octal. This change was made for consistency.
 </LI
><LI
> Remove grammar productions for prefix and postfix <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%</TT
>
 and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>^</TT
> operators
 (Tom)
 These have never been documented and complicated the use of the
 modulus operator (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%</TT
>) with negative numbers.
 </LI
><LI
> Make <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&amp;&lt;</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&amp;&gt;</TT
> for polygons
 consistent with the box "over" operators (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE LANGUAGE</TT
> can ignore the provided arguments
 in favor of information from <TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_pltemplate</TT
>
 (Tom)
 A new system catalog <TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_pltemplate</TT
> has been defined
 to carry information about the preferred definitions of procedural
 languages (such as whether they have validator functions). When
 an entry exists in this catalog for the language being created,
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE LANGUAGE</TT
> will ignore all its parameters except the
 language name and instead use the catalog information. This measure
 was taken because of increasing problems with obsolete language
 definitions being loaded by old dump files. As of 8.1,
 pg_dump will dump procedural language definitions as
 just <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE LANGUAGE <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
>name</TT
></TT
>, relying
 on a template entry to exist at load time. We expect this will be a
 more future-proof representation.
 </LI
><LI
> Make <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_cancel_backend(int)</CODE
> return a
 <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>boolean</TT
> rather than an <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
> (Neil)
 </LI
><LI
> Some users are having problems loading UTF-8 data into 8.1.X.
 This is because previous versions allowed invalid UTF-8 byte
 sequences to be entered into the database, and this release
 properly accepts only valid UTF-8 sequences. One way to correct a
 dumpfile is to run the command <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>iconv -c -f UTF-8 -t
 UTF-8 -o cleanfile.sql dumpfile.sql</TT
>. The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-c</TT
> option
 removes invalid character sequences. A diff of the two files will
 show the sequences that are invalid. <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>iconv</TT
> reads the
 entire input file into memory so it might be necessary to use
 split to break up the dump into multiple smaller
 files for processing.
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN137158"
>E.169.3. Additional Changes</A
></H2
> Below you will find a detailed account of the additional changes
 between PostgreSQL 8.1 and the
 previous major release.
 <DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137162"
>E.169.3.1. Performance Improvements</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Improve GiST and R-tree index performance (Neil)
 </LI
><LI
> Improve the optimizer, including auto-resizing of hash joins
 (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Overhaul internal API in several areas
 </LI
><LI
> Change WAL record CRCs from 64-bit to 32-bit (Tom)
 We determined that the extra cost of computing 64-bit CRCs was
 significant, and the gain in reliability too marginal to justify it.
 </LI
><LI
> Prevent writing large empty gaps in WAL pages (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Improve spinlock behavior on SMP machines, particularly Opterons (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow nonconsecutive index columns to be used in a multicolumn
 index (Tom)
 For example, this allows an index on columns a,b,c to be used in
 a query with <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>WHERE a = 4 and c = 10</TT
>.
 </LI
><LI
> Skip WAL logging for <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE TABLE AS</TT
> /
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT INTO</TT
> (Simon)
 Since a crash during <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE TABLE AS</TT
> would cause the
 table to be dropped during recovery, there is no reason to WAL
 log as the table is loaded. (Logging still happens if WAL
 archiving is enabled, however.)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow concurrent GiST index access (Teodor, Oleg)
 </LI
><LI
> Add configuration parameter <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>full_page_writes</TT
> to
 control writing full pages to WAL (Bruce)
 To prevent partial disk writes from corrupting the database,
 PostgreSQL writes a complete copy of
 each database disk page to WAL the first time it is modified
 after a checkpoint. This option turns off that functionality for more
 speed. This is safe to use with battery-backed disk caches where
 partial page writes cannot happen.
 </LI
><LI
> Use <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>O_DIRECT</TT
> if available when using
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>O_SYNC</TT
> for <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>wal_sync_method</TT
>
 (Itagaki Takahiro)
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>O_DIRECT</TT
> causes disk writes to bypass the kernel
 cache, and for WAL writes, this improves performance.
 </LI
><LI
> Improve <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
> performance (Alon Goldshuv)
 This was accomplished by reading <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> input in
 larger chunks, rather than character by character.
 </LI
><LI
> Improve the performance of <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>COUNT()</CODE
>,
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>SUM</CODE
>, <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>AVG()</CODE
>,
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>STDDEV()</CODE
>, and
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>VARIANCE()</CODE
> (Neil, Tom)
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137214"
>E.169.3.2. Server Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Prevent problems due to transaction ID (XID) wraparound (Tom)
 The server will now warn when the transaction counter approaches
 the wraparound point. If the counter becomes too close to wraparound,
 the server will stop accepting queries. This ensures that data is
 not lost before needed vacuuming is performed.
 </LI
><LI
> Fix problems with object IDs (OIDs) conflicting with existing system
 objects after the OID counter has wrapped around (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Add warning about the need to increase
 <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>max_fsm_relations</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>max_fsm_pages</TT
>
 during <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>VACUUM</TT
> (Ron Mayer)
 </LI
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>temp_buffers</TT
> configuration parameter to allow
 users to determine the size of the local buffer area for
 temporary table access (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Add session start time and client IP address to
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>pg_stat_activity</TT
> (Magnus)
 </LI
><LI
> Adjust <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>pg_stat</TT
> views for bitmap scans (Tom)
 The meanings of some of the fields have changed slightly.
 </LI
><LI
> Enhance <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>pg_locks</TT
> view (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Log queries for client-side <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>PREPARE</TT
> and
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXECUTE</TT
> (Simon)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow Kerberos name and user name case sensitivity to be
 specified in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
> (Magnus)
 </LI
><LI
> Add configuration parameter <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>krb_server_hostname</TT
> so
 that the server host name can be specified as part of service
 principal (Todd Kover)
 If not set, any service principal matching an entry in the
 keytab can be used. This is new Kerberos matching behavior in
 this release.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>log_line_prefix</TT
> options for millisecond
 timestamps (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%m</TT
>) and remote host (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>%h</TT
>) (Ed
 L.)
 </LI
><LI
> Add WAL logging for GiST indexes (Teodor, Oleg)
 GiST indexes are now safe for crash and point-in-time recovery.
 </LI
><LI
> Remove old <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>*.backup</TT
> files when we do
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stop_backup()</CODE
> (Bruce)
 This prevents a large number of <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>*.backup</TT
> files from
 existing in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_xlog/</TT
>.
 </LI
><LI
> Add configuration parameters to control TCP/IP keep-alive
 times for idle, interval, and count (Oliver Jowett)
 These values can be changed to allow more rapid detection of
 lost client connections.
 </LI
><LI
> Add per-user and per-database connection limits (Petr Jelinek)
 Using <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ALTER USER</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ALTER DATABASE</TT
>,
 limits can now be enforced on the maximum number of sessions that
 can concurrently connect as a specific user or to a specific database.
 Setting the limit to zero disables user or database connections.
 </LI
><LI
> Allow more than two gigabytes of shared memory and per-backend
 work memory on 64-bit machines (Koichi Suzuki)
 </LI
><LI
> New system catalog <TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_pltemplate</TT
> allows overriding
 obsolete procedural-language definitions in dump files (Tom)
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137279"
>E.169.3.3. Query Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Add temporary views (Koju Iijima, Neil)
 </LI
><LI
> Fix <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>HAVING</TT
> without any aggregate functions or
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>GROUP BY</TT
> so that the query returns a single group (Tom)
 Previously, such a case would treat the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>HAVING</TT
>
 clause the same as a <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>WHERE</TT
> clause. This was not per spec.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>USING</TT
> clause to allow additional tables to be
 specified to <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>DELETE</TT
> (Euler Taveira de Oliveira, Neil)
 In prior releases, there was no clear method for specifying
 additional tables to be used for joins in a <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>DELETE</TT
>
 statement. <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>UPDATE</TT
> already has a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FROM</TT
>
 clause for this purpose.
 </LI
><LI
> Add support for <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\x</TT
> hex escapes in backend and ecpg
 strings (Bruce)
 This is just like the standard C <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\x</TT
> escape syntax.
 Octal escapes were already supported.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>BETWEEN SYMMETRIC</TT
> query syntax (Pavel Stehule)
 This feature allows <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>BETWEEN</TT
> comparisons without
 requiring the first value to be less than the second. For
 example, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>2 BETWEEN [ASYMMETRIC] 3 AND 1</TT
> returns
 false, while <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>2 BETWEEN SYMMETRIC 3 AND 1</TT
> returns
 true. <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>BETWEEN ASYMMETRIC</TT
> was already supported.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>NOWAIT</TT
> option to <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT ... FOR
 UPDATE/SHARE</TT
> (Hans-Juergen Schoenig)
 While the <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>statement_timeout</TT
> configuration
 parameter allows a query taking more than a certain amount of
 time to be canceled, the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>NOWAIT</TT
> option allows a
 query to be canceled as soon as a <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT ... FOR
 UPDATE/SHARE</TT
> command cannot immediately acquire a row lock.
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137320"
>E.169.3.4. Object Manipulation Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Track dependencies of shared objects (Alvaro)
 PostgreSQL allows global tables
 (users, databases, tablespaces) to reference information in
 multiple databases. This addition adds dependency information
 for global tables, so, for example, user ownership can be
 tracked across databases, so a user who owns something in any
 database can no longer be removed. Dependency tracking already
 existed for database-local objects.
 </LI
><LI
> Allow limited <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ALTER OWNER</TT
> commands to be performed
 by the object owner (Stephen Frost)
 Prior releases allowed only superusers to change object owners.
 Now, ownership can be transferred if the user executing the command
 owns the object and would be able to create it as the new owner
 (that is, the user is a member of the new owning role and that role
 has the CREATE permission that would be needed to create the object
 afresh).
 </LI
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ALTER</TT
> object <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SET SCHEMA</TT
> capability
 for some object types (tables, functions, types) (Bernd Helmle)
 This allows objects to be moved to different schemas.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ALTER TABLE ENABLE/DISABLE TRIGGER</TT
> to
 disable triggers (Satoshi Nagayasu)
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137339"
>E.169.3.5. Utility Command Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Allow <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>TRUNCATE</TT
> to truncate multiple tables in a
 single command (Alvaro)
 Because of referential integrity checks, it is not allowed to
 truncate a table that is part of a referential integrity
 constraint. Using this new functionality, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>TRUNCATE</TT
>
 can be used to truncate such tables, if both tables involved in
 a referential integrity constraint are truncated in a single
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>TRUNCATE</TT
> command.
 </LI
><LI
> Properly process carriage returns and line feeds in
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY CSV</TT
> mode (Andrew)
 In release 8.0, carriage returns and line feeds in <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CSV
 COPY TO</TT
> were processed in an inconsistent manner. (This was
 documented on the TODO list.)
 </LI
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY WITH CSV HEADER</TT
> to allow a header line as
 the first line in <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> (Andrew)
 This allows handling of the common <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CSV</TT
> usage of
 placing the column names on the first line of the data file. For
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO</TT
>, the first line contains the column names,
 and for <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
>, the first line is ignored.
 </LI
><LI
> On Windows, display better sub-second precision in
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</TT
> (Magnus)
 </LI
><LI
> Add trigger duration display to <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</TT
>
 (Tom)
 Prior releases included trigger execution time as part of the
 total execution time, but did not show it separately. It is now
 possible to see how much time is spent in each trigger.
 </LI
><LI
> Add support for <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\x</TT
> hex escapes in <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
>
 (Sergey Ten)
 Previous releases only supported octal escapes.
 </LI
><LI
> Make <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SHOW ALL</TT
> include variable descriptions
 (Matthias Schmidt)
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SHOW</TT
> varname still only displays the variable's
 value and does not include the description.
 </LI
><LI
> Make initdb create a new standard
 database called <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>postgres</TT
>, and convert utilities to
 use <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>postgres</TT
> rather than <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>template1</TT
> for
 standard lookups (Dave)
 In prior releases, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>template1</TT
> was used both as a
 default connection for utilities like
 createuser, and as a template for
 new databases. This caused <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE DATABASE</TT
> to
 sometimes fail, because a new database cannot be created if
 anyone else is in the template database. With this change, the
 default connection database is now <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>postgres</TT
>,
 meaning it is much less likely someone will be using
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>template1</TT
> during <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE DATABASE</TT
>.
 </LI
><LI
> Create new reindexdb command-line
 utility by moving <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/contrib/reindexdb</TT
> into the
 server (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137395"
>E.169.3.6. Data Type and Function Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Add <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>MAX()</CODE
> and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>MIN()</CODE
> aggregates for
 array types (Koju Iijima)
 </LI
><LI
> Fix <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>to_date()</CODE
> and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>to_timestamp()</CODE
> to
 behave reasonably when <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CC</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>YY</TT
> fields
 are both used (Karel Zak)
 If the format specification contains <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CC</TT
> and a year
 specification is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>YYY</TT
> or longer, ignore the
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CC</TT
>. If the year specification is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>YY</TT
> or
 shorter, interpret <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CC</TT
> as the previous century.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>md5(bytea)</CODE
> (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>md5(text)</CODE
> already existed.
 </LI
><LI
> Add support for <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>numeric ^ numeric</TT
> based on
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>power(numeric, numeric)</CODE
>
 The function already existed, but there was no operator assigned
 to it.
 </LI
><LI
> Fix <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>NUMERIC</TT
> modulus by properly truncating the quotient
 during computation (Bruce)
 In previous releases, modulus for large values sometimes
 returned negative results due to rounding of the quotient.
 </LI
><LI
> Add a function <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>lastval()</CODE
> (Dennis Bj&ouml;rklund)
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>lastval()</CODE
> is a simplified version of
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>currval()</CODE
>. It automatically determines the proper
 sequence name based on the most recent <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>nextval()</CODE
> or
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>setval()</CODE
> call performed by the current session.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>to_timestamp(DOUBLE PRECISION) (Michael Glaesemann)</CODE
>
 Converts Unix seconds since 1970 to a <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>TIMESTAMP WITH
 TIMEZONE</TT
>.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_postmaster_start_time()</CODE
> function (Euler
 Taveira de Oliveira, Matthias Schmidt)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow the full use of time zone names in <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>AT TIME
 ZONE</TT
>, not just the short list previously available (Magnus)
 Previously, only a predefined list of time zone names were
 supported by <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>AT TIME ZONE</TT
>. Now any supported time
 zone name can be used, e.g.:
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AT TIME ZONE 'Europe/London';</PRE
>
 In the above query, the time zone used is adjusted based on the
 daylight saving time rules that were in effect on the supplied
 date.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>GREATEST()</CODE
> and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>LEAST()</CODE
> variadic
 functions (Pavel Stehule)
 These functions take a variable number of arguments and return
 the greatest or least value among the arguments.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_column_size()</CODE
> (Mark Kirkwood)
 This returns storage size of a column, which might be compressed.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>regexp_replace()</CODE
> (Atsushi Ogawa)
 This allows regular expression replacement, like sed. An optional
 flag argument allows selection of global (replace all) and
 case-insensitive modes.
 </LI
><LI
> Fix interval division and multiplication (Bruce)
 Previous versions sometimes returned unjustified results, like
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>'4 months'::interval / 5</TT
> returning <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>'1 mon
 -6 days'</TT
>.
 </LI
><LI
> Fix roundoff behavior in timestamp, time, and interval output (Tom)
 This fixes some cases in which the seconds field would be shown as
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>60</TT
> instead of incrementing the higher-order fields.
 </LI
><LI
> Add a separate day field to type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>interval</TT
> so a one day
 interval can be distinguished from a 24 hour interval (Michael
 Glaesemann)
 Days that contain a daylight saving time adjustment are not 24
 hours long, but typically 23 or 25 hours. This change creates a
 conceptual distinction between intervals of "so many days"
 and intervals of "so many hours". Adding
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>1 day</TT
> to a timestamp now gives the same local time on
 the next day even if a daylight saving time adjustment occurs
 between, whereas adding <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>24 hours</TT
> will give a different
 local time when this happens. For example, under US DST rules:
<PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>'2005-04-03 00:00:00-05' + '1 day' = '2005-04-04 00:00:00-04'
'2005-04-03 00:00:00-05' + '24 hours' = '2005-04-04 01:00:00-04'</PRE
>
 </LI
><LI
> Add <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>justify_days()</CODE
> and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>justify_hours()</CODE
>
 (Michael Glaesemann)
 These functions, respectively, adjust days to an appropriate
 number of full months and days, and adjust hours to an
 appropriate number of full days and hours.
 </LI
><LI
> Move <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/contrib/dbsize</TT
> into the backend, and rename
 some of the functions (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
 <UL
><LI
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_tablespace_size()</CODE
>
 </LI
><LI
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_database_size()</CODE
>
 </LI
><LI
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_relation_size()</CODE
>
 </LI
><LI
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_total_relation_size()</CODE
>
 </LI
><LI
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_size_pretty()</CODE
>
 </LI
></UL
>
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_total_relation_size()</CODE
> includes indexes and TOAST
 tables.
 </LI
><LI
> Add functions for read-only file access to the cluster directory
 (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
 <UL
><LI
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_stat_file()</CODE
>
 </LI
><LI
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_read_file()</CODE
>
 </LI
><LI
> <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_ls_dir()</CODE
>
 </LI
></UL
>
 </LI
><LI
> Add <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_reload_conf()</CODE
> to force reloading of the
 configuration files (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
 </LI
><LI
> Add <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pg_rotate_logfile()</CODE
> to force rotation of the
 server log file (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
 </LI
><LI
> Change <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>pg_stat_*</TT
> views to include TOAST tables (Tom)
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137530"
>E.169.3.7. Encoding and Locale Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Rename some encodings to be more consistent and to follow
 international standards (Bruce)
 <UL
><LI
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UNICODE</TT
> is now <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
>
 </LI
><LI
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ALT</TT
> is now <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN866</TT
>
 </LI
><LI
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN</TT
> is now <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1251</TT
>
 </LI
><LI
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TCVN</TT
> is now <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1258</TT
>
 </LI
></UL
>
 The original names still work.
 </LI
><LI
> Add support for <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WIN1252</TT
> encoding (Roland Volkmann)
 </LI
><LI
> Add support for four-byte <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
> characters (John
 Hansen)
 Previously only one, two, and three-byte <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
> characters
 were supported. This is particularly important for support for
 some Chinese character sets.
 </LI
><LI
> Allow direct conversion between <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EUC_JP</TT
> and
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SJIS</TT
> to improve performance (Atsushi Ogawa)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow the UTF8 encoding to work on Windows (Magnus)
 This is done by mapping UTF8 to the Windows-native UTF16
 implementation.
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137569"
>E.169.3.8. General Server-Side Language Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Fix <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ALTER LANGUAGE RENAME</TT
> (Sergey Yatskevich)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow function characteristics, like strictness and volatility,
 to be modified via <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ALTER FUNCTION</TT
> (Neil)
 </LI
><LI
> Increase the maximum number of function arguments to 100 (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow SQL and PL/pgSQL functions to use <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>OUT</TT
> and
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INOUT</TT
> parameters (Tom)
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>OUT</TT
> is an alternate way for a function to return
 values. Instead of using <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>RETURN</TT
>, values can be
 returned by assigning to parameters declared as <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>OUT</TT
> or
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INOUT</TT
>. This is notationally simpler in some cases,
 particularly so when multiple values need to be returned.
 While returning multiple values from a function
 was possible in previous releases, this greatly simplifies the
 process. (The feature will be extended to other server-side
 languages in future releases.)
 </LI
><LI
> Move language handler functions into the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>pg_catalog</TT
> schema
 This makes it easier to drop the public schema if desired.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>SPI_getnspname()</CODE
> to SPI (Neil)
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137596"
>E.169.3.9. PL/pgSQL Server-Side Language Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Overhaul the memory management of PL/pgSQL functions (Neil)
 The parsetree of each function is now stored in a separate
 memory context. This allows this memory to be easily reclaimed
 when it is no longer needed.
 </LI
><LI
> Check function syntax at <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE FUNCTION</TT
> time,
 rather than at runtime (Neil)
 Previously, most syntax errors were reported only when the
 function was executed.
 </LI
><LI
> Allow <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>OPEN</TT
> to open non-<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT</TT
> queries
 like <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXPLAIN</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SHOW</TT
> (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> No longer require functions to issue a <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>RETURN</TT
>
 statement (Tom)
 This is a byproduct of the newly added <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>OUT</TT
> and
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INOUT</TT
> functionality. <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>RETURN</TT
> can
 be omitted when it is not needed to provide the function's
 return value.
 </LI
><LI
> Add support for an optional <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INTO</TT
> clause to
 PL/pgSQL's <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXECUTE</TT
> statement (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
 </LI
><LI
> Make <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE TABLE AS</TT
> set <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ROW_COUNT</TT
> (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Define <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQLSTATE</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQLERRM</TT
> to return
 the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQLSTATE</TT
> and error message of the current
 exception (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
 These variables are only defined inside exception blocks.
 </LI
><LI
> Allow the parameters to the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>RAISE</TT
> statement to be
 expressions (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
 </LI
><LI
> Add a loop <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CONTINUE</TT
> statement (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow block and loop labels (Pavel Stehule)
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137641"
>E.169.3.10. PL/Perl Server-Side Language Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Allow large result sets to be returned efficiently (Abhijit
 Menon-Sen)
 This allows functions to use <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>return_next()</CODE
> to avoid
 building the entire result set in memory.
 </LI
><LI
> Allow one-row-at-a-time retrieval of query results (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
 This allows functions to use <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>spi_query()</CODE
> and
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>spi_fetchrow()</CODE
> to avoid accumulating the entire
 result set in memory.
 </LI
><LI
> Force PL/Perl to handle strings as <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
> if the
 server encoding is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UTF8</TT
> (David Kamholz)
 </LI
><LI
> Add a validator function for PL/Perl (Andrew)
 This allows syntax errors to be reported at definition time,
 rather than execution time.
 </LI
><LI
> Allow PL/Perl to return a Perl array when the function returns
 an array type (Andrew)
 This basically maps PostgreSQL arrays
 to Perl arrays.
 </LI
><LI
> Allow Perl nonfatal warnings to generate <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>NOTICE</TT
>
 messages (Andrew)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow Perl's <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>strict</TT
> mode to be enabled (Andrew)
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137670"
>E.169.3.11. psql Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>\set ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK</TT
> to allow statements in
 a transaction to error without affecting the rest of the
 transaction (Greg Sabino Mullane)
 This is basically implemented by wrapping every statement in a
 sub-transaction.
 </LI
><LI
> Add support for <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\x</TT
> hex strings in
 psql variables (Bruce)
 Octal escapes were already supported.
 </LI
><LI
> Add support for <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>troff -ms</TT
> output format (Roger
 Leigh)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow the history file location to be controlled by
 <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>HISTFILE</TT
> (Andreas Seltenreich)
 This allows configuration of per-database history storage.
 </LI
><LI
> Prevent <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>\x</TT
> (expanded mode) from affecting
 the output of <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>\d tablename</TT
> (Neil)
 </LI
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-L</TT
> option to psql to
 log sessions (Lorne Sunley)
 This option was added because some operating systems do not have
 simple command-line activity logging functionality.
 </LI
><LI
> Make <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>\d</TT
> show the tablespaces of indexes (Qingqing
 Zhou)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow psql help (<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>\h</TT
>) to
 make a best guess on the proper help information (Greg Sabino
 Mullane)
 This allows the user to just add <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>\h</TT
> to the front of
 the syntax error query and get help on the supported syntax.
 Previously any additional query text beyond the command name
 had to be removed to use <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>\h</TT
>.
 </LI
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>\pset numericlocale</TT
> to allow numbers to be
 output in a locale-aware format (Eugen Nedelcu)
 For example, using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>C</TT
> locale <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>100000</TT
> would
 be output as <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>100,000.0</TT
> while a European locale might
 output this value as <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>100.000,0</TT
>.
 </LI
><LI
> Make startup banner show both server version number and
 psql's version number, when they are different (Bruce)
 Also, a warning will be shown if the server and psql
 are from different major releases.
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137722"
>E.169.3.12. pg_dump Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-n</TT
> / <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>--schema</TT
> switch to
 pg_restore (Richard van den Berg)
 This allows just the objects in a specified schema to be restored.
 </LI
><LI
> Allow pg_dump to dump large objects even in
 text mode (Tom)
 With this change, large objects are now always dumped; the former
 <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-b</TT
> switch is a no-op.
 </LI
><LI
> Allow pg_dump to dump a consistent snapshot of
 large objects (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Dump comments for large objects (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>--encoding</TT
> to pg_dump
 (Magnus Hagander)
 This allows a database to be dumped in an encoding that is
 different from the server's encoding. This is valuable when
 transferring the dump to a machine with a different encoding.
 </LI
><LI
> Rely on <TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_pltemplate</TT
> for procedural languages (Tom)
 If the call handler for a procedural language is in the
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>pg_catalog</TT
> schema, pg_dump does not
 dump the handler. Instead, it dumps the language using just
 <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE LANGUAGE <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
>name</TT
></TT
>,
 relying on the <TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_pltemplate</TT
> catalog to provide
 the language's creation parameters at load time.
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137756"
>E.169.3.13. libpq Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Add a <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGPASSFILE</TT
> environment variable to specify the
 password file's filename (Andrew)
 </LI
><LI
> Add <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>lo_create()</CODE
>, that is similar to
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>lo_creat()</CODE
> but allows the OID of the large object
 to be specified (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Make libpq consistently return an error
 to the client application on <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>malloc()</CODE
>
 failure (Neil)
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137771"
>E.169.3.14. Source Code Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Fix pgxs to support building against a relocated
 installation
 </LI
><LI
> Add spinlock support for the Itanium processor using Intel
 compiler (Vikram Kalsi)
 </LI
><LI
> Add Kerberos 5 support for Windows (Magnus)
 </LI
><LI
> Add Chinese FAQ (laser@pgsqldb.com)
 </LI
><LI
> Rename Rendezvous to Bonjour to match OS/X feature renaming
 (Bruce)
 </LI
><LI
> Add support for <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>fsync_writethrough</TT
> on
 Darwin (Chris Campbell)
 </LI
><LI
> Streamline the passing of information within the server, the
 optimizer, and the lock system (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow pg_config to be compiled using MSVC (Andrew)
 This is required to build DBD::Pg using MSVC.
 </LI
><LI
> Remove support for Kerberos V4 (Magnus)
 Kerberos 4 had security vulnerabilities and is no longer
 maintained.
 </LI
><LI
> Code cleanups (Coverity static analysis performed by
 EnterpriseDB)
 </LI
><LI
> Modify <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
> to use documentation defaults
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>on</TT
>/<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>off</TT
> rather than
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>true</TT
>/<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>false</TT
> (Bruce)
 </LI
><LI
> Enhance pg_config to be able to report more
 build-time values (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow libpq to be built thread-safe
 on Windows (Dave Page)
 </LI
><LI
> Allow IPv6 connections to be used on Windows (Andrew)
 </LI
><LI
> Add Server Administration documentation about I/O subsystem
 reliability (Bruce)
 </LI
><LI
> Move private declarations from <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>gist.h</TT
> to
 <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>gist_private.h</TT
> (Neil)
 In previous releases, <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>gist.h</TT
> contained both the
 public GiST API (intended for use by authors of GiST index
 implementations) as well as some private declarations used by
 the implementation of GiST itself. The latter have been moved
 to a separate file, <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>gist_private.h</TT
>. Most GiST
 index implementations should be unaffected.
 </LI
><LI
> Overhaul GiST memory management (Neil)
 GiST methods are now always invoked in a short-lived memory
 context. Therefore, memory allocated via <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>palloc()</CODE
>
 will be reclaimed automatically, so GiST index implementations
 do not need to manually release allocated memory via
 <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>pfree()</CODE
>.
 </LI
></UL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT3"
><H3
CLASS="SECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN137829"
>E.169.3.15. Contrib Changes</A
></H3
><UL
><LI
> Add <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/contrib/pg_buffercache</TT
> contrib module (Mark
 Kirkwood)
 This displays the contents of the buffer cache, for debugging and
 performance tuning purposes.
 </LI
><LI
> Remove <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/contrib/array</TT
> because it is obsolete (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Clean up the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/contrib/lo</TT
> module (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Move <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/contrib/findoidjoins</TT
> to
 <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/src/tools</TT
> (Tom)
 </LI
><LI
> Remove the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&lt;&lt;</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&gt;&gt;</TT
>,
 <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&amp;&lt;</TT
>, and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>&amp;&gt;</TT
> operators from
 <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/contrib/cube</TT
>
 These operators were not useful.
 </LI
><LI
> Improve <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/contrib/btree_gist</TT
> (Janko Richter)
 </LI
><LI
> Improve <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/contrib/pgbench</TT
> (Tomoaki Sato, Tatsuo)
 There is now a facility for testing with SQL command scripts given
 by the user, instead of only a hard-wired command sequence.
 </LI
><LI
> Improve <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/contrib/pgcrypto</TT
> (Marko Kreen)
 <UL
><LI
> Implementation of OpenPGP symmetric-key and public-key encryption
 Both RSA and Elgamal public-key algorithms are supported.
 </LI
><LI
> Stand alone build: include SHA256/384/512 hashes, Fortuna PRNG
 </LI
><LI
> OpenSSL build: support 3DES, use internal AES with OpenSSL &lt; 0.9.7
 </LI
><LI
> Take build parameters (OpenSSL, zlib) from <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>configure</TT
> result
 There is no need to edit the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>Makefile</TT
> anymore.
 </LI
><LI
> Remove support for <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>libmhash</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>libmcrypt</TT
>
 </LI
></UL
></LI
></UL
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
><HR
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FILE FOLDER

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